/*
 * Copyright (c) 1995, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this
 * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
 * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

package java.lang;

import jdk.internal.crac.mirror.Context;
import jdk.internal.crac.mirror.Resource;
import jdk.internal.crac.mirror.impl.CheckpointOpenResourceException;
import jdk.internal.crac.Core;
import jdk.internal.crac.JDKFdResource;
import jdk.internal.crac.OpenResourcePolicies;
import jdk.internal.misc.Blocker;
import jdk.internal.util.StaticProperty;

import java.io.*;
import java.lang.ProcessBuilder.Redirect;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.nio.charset.UnsupportedCharsetException;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
import java.util.stream.Stream;

/**
 * {@code Process} provides control of native processes started by
 * {@code ProcessBuilder.start} and {@code Runtime.exec}.
 * The class provides methods for performing input from the process, performing
 * output to the process, waiting for the process to complete,
 * checking the exit status of the process, and destroying (killing)
 * the process.
 * The {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} and
 * {@link Runtime#exec(String[],String[],File) Runtime.exec}
 * methods create a native process and return an instance of a
 * subclass of {@code Process} that can be used to control the process
 * and obtain information about it.
 *
 * <p>The methods that create processes may not work well for special
 * processes on certain native platforms, such as native windowing
 * processes, daemon processes, Win16/DOS processes on Microsoft
 * Windows, or shell scripts.
 *
 * <p>By default, the created process does not have its own terminal
 * or console.  All its standard I/O (i.e. stdin, stdout, stderr)
 * operations will be redirected to the parent process, where they can
 * be accessed via the streams obtained using the methods
 * {@link #getOutputStream()},
 * {@link #getInputStream()}, and
 * {@link #getErrorStream()}.
 * The I/O streams of characters and lines can be written and read using the methods
 * {@link #outputWriter()}, {@link #outputWriter(Charset)},
 * {@link #inputReader()}, {@link #inputReader(Charset)},
 * {@link #errorReader()}, and {@link #errorReader(Charset)}.
 * The parent process uses these streams to feed input to and get output
 * from the process.  Because some native platforms only provide
 * limited buffer size for standard input and output streams, failure
 * to promptly write the input stream or read the output stream of
 * the process may cause the process to block, or even deadlock.
 *
 * <p>Where desired, <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-input">
 * process I/O can also be redirected</a>
 * using methods of the {@link ProcessBuilder} class.
 *
 * <p>There is no requirement that the process represented by a {@code
 * Process} object execute asynchronously or concurrently with respect
 * to the Java process that owns the {@code Process} object.
 *
 * <p>As of 1.5, {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} is the preferred way
 * to create a {@code Process}.
 *
 * <p>Subclasses of Process should override the {@link #onExit()} and
 * {@link #toHandle()} methods to provide a fully functional Process including the
 * {@linkplain #pid() process id},
 * {@linkplain #info() information about the process},
 * {@linkplain #children() direct children}, and
 * {@linkplain #descendants() direct children plus descendants of those children} of the process.
 * Delegating to the underlying Process or ProcessHandle is typically
 * easiest and most efficient.
 *
 * <h2>Resource Usage</h2>
 * {@linkplain ProcessBuilder#start() Starting a process} uses resources in both the invoking process and the invoked
 * process and for the communication streams between them.
 * The resources to control the process and for communication between the processes are retained
 * until there are no longer any references to the Process or the input, error, and output streams
 * or readers, or they have been closed.
 *
 * <p>The process is not killed when there are no more references to the {@code Process} object,
 * but rather the process continues executing asynchronously.
 * The process implementation closes file descriptors and handles for streams
 * that are no longer referenced to prevent leaking operating system resources.
 * Processes that have terminated or been terminated are monitored and their resources released.
 *
 * <p>Streams should be {@code closed} when they are no longer needed, to avoid delaying
 * releasing the operating system resources.
 * {@code Try-with-resources} can be used to open and close the streams.
 * <p>For example, to capture the output of a program known to produce some output and then exit:
 * {@snippet lang = "java" :
 * List<String> capture(List<String> args) throws Exception {
 *     ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(args);
 *     Process process = pb.start();
 *     try (BufferedReader in = process.inputReader()) {
 *         List<String> captured = in.readAllLines();
 *         int status = process.waitFor();
 *         if (status != 0) {
 *             throw new RuntimeException("Process %d: %s failed with %d"
 *                         .formatted(process.pid(), args, status));
 *         }
 *         return captured;
 *     }
 * }
 * }
 * <p>Stream resources (file descriptor or handle) are always paired; one in the invoking process
 * and the other end of that connection in the invoked process.
 * Closing a stream at either end terminates communication but does not have any direct effect
 * on the other Process. The closing of the stream typically results in the other process exiting.
 *
 * <p> {@linkplain #destroy Destroying a process} signals the operating system to terminate the process.
 * It is up to the operating system to clean up and release the resources of that process.
 * Typically, file descriptors and handles are closed. When they are closed, any connections to
 * other processes are terminated and file descriptors and handles in the invoking process signal
 * end-of-file or closed. Usually, that is seen as an end-of-file or an exception.
 *
 * @since   1.0
 */
public abstract class Process {

    // Readers and Writers created for this process; so repeated calls return the same object
    // All updates must be done while synchronized on this Process.
    private BufferedWriter outputWriter;
    private Charset outputCharset;
    private BufferedReader inputReader;
    private Charset inputCharset;
    private BufferedReader errorReader;
    private Charset errorCharset;

    /**
     * Default constructor for Process.
     */
    public Process() {}

    /**
     * Returns the output stream connected to the normal input of the
     * process.  Output to the stream is piped into the standard
     * input of the process represented by this {@code Process} object.
     *
     * <p>If the standard input of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectInput(Redirect)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectInput}
     * then this method will return a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-input">null output stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>The output stream should be {@linkplain OutputStream#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * When writing to both {@link #getOutputStream()} and either {@link #outputWriter()}
     * or {@link #outputWriter(Charset)}, {@link BufferedWriter#flush BufferedWriter.flush}
     * should be called before writes to the {@code OutputStream}.
     *
     * @implNote
     * Implementation note: It is a good idea for the returned
     * output stream to be buffered.
     *
     * @return the output stream connected to the normal input of the
     *         process
     */
    public abstract OutputStream getOutputStream();

    /**
     * Returns the input stream connected to the normal output of the
     * process.  The stream obtains data piped from the standard
     * output of the process represented by this {@code Process} object.
     *
     * <p>If the standard output of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectOutput(Redirect)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectOutput}
     * then this method will return a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-output">null input stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>Otherwise, if the standard error of the process has been
     * redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectErrorStream(boolean)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream}
     * then the input stream returned by this method will receive the
     * merged standard output and the standard error of the process.
     *
     * <p>The input stream should be {@linkplain InputStream#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or an {@linkplain #inputReader() input reader}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The input reader consumes and buffers bytes from the input stream.
     * Bytes read from the input stream would not be seen by the reader and
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * @implNote
     * Implementation note: It is a good idea for the returned
     * input stream to be buffered.
     *
     * @return the input stream connected to the normal output of the
     *         process
     */
    public abstract InputStream getInputStream();

    /**
     * Returns the input stream connected to the error output of the
     * process.  The stream obtains data piped from the error output
     * of the process represented by this {@code Process} object.
     *
     * <p>If the standard error of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectError(Redirect)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectError} or
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectErrorStream(boolean)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream}
     * then this method will return a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-output">null input stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>The error stream should be {@linkplain InputStream#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or an {@linkplain #errorReader() error reader}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The error reader consumes and buffers bytes from the error stream.
     * Bytes read from the error stream would not be seen by the reader and the
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * @implNote
     * Implementation note: It is a good idea for the returned
     * input stream to be buffered.
     *
     * @return the input stream connected to the error output of
     *         the process
     */
    public abstract InputStream getErrorStream();

    /**
     * Returns a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} connected to the standard
     * output of the process. The {@link Charset} for the native encoding is used
     * to read characters, lines, or stream lines from standard output.
     *
     * <p>This method delegates to {@link #inputReader(Charset)} using the
     * {@link Charset} named by the {@code native.encoding} system property.
     * If the {@code native.encoding} is not a valid charset name or not supported
     * the {@link Charset#defaultCharset()} is used.
     *
     * <p>The reader should be {@linkplain BufferedReader#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or the {@linkplain #getInputStream input stream}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The input reader consumes and buffers bytes from the input stream.
     * Bytes read from the input stream would not be seen by the reader and the
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * @return a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} using the
     *          {@code native.encoding} if supported, otherwise, the
     *          {@link Charset#defaultCharset()}
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedReader inputReader() {
        return inputReader(CharsetHolder.nativeCharset());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} connected to the
     * standard output of this process using a Charset.
     * The {@code BufferedReader} can be used to read characters, lines,
     * or stream lines of the standard output.
     *
     * <p>Characters are read by an InputStreamReader that reads and decodes bytes
     * from this process {@link #getInputStream()}. Bytes are decoded to characters
     * using the {@code charset}; malformed-input and unmappable-character
     * sequences are replaced with the charset's default replacement.
     * The {@code BufferedReader} reads and buffers characters from the InputStreamReader.
     *
     * <p>The first call to this method creates the {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader},
     * if called again with the same {@code charset} the same {@code BufferedReader} is returned.
     * It is an error to call this method again with a different {@code charset}.
     *
     * <p>If the standard output of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectOutput(Redirect) ProcessBuilder.redirectOutput}
     * then the {@code InputStreamReader} will be reading from a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-output">null input stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>The reader should be {@linkplain BufferedReader#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * <p>Otherwise, if the standard error of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectErrorStream(boolean)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream} then the input reader returned by
     * this method will receive the merged standard output and the standard error
     * of the process.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or the {@linkplain #getInputStream input stream}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The input reader consumes and buffers bytes from the input stream.
     * Bytes read from the input stream would not be seen by the reader and the
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * <p>When the process has terminated, and the standard input has not been redirected,
     * reading of the bytes available from the underlying stream is on a best effort basis and
     * may be unpredictable.
     *
     * @param charset the {@code Charset} used to decode bytes to characters
     * @return a {@code BufferedReader} for the standard output of the process using the {@code charset}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code charset} is {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called more than once with different charset arguments
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedReader inputReader(Charset charset) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(charset, "charset");
        synchronized (this) {
            if (inputReader == null) {
                inputCharset = charset;
                inputReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(getInputStream(), charset));
            } else {
                if (!inputCharset.equals(charset))
                    throw new IllegalStateException("BufferedReader was created with charset: " + inputCharset);
            }
            return inputReader;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} connected to the standard
     * error of the process. The {@link Charset} for the native encoding is used
     * to read characters, lines, or stream lines from standard error.
     *
     * <p>This method delegates to {@link #errorReader(Charset)} using the
     * {@link Charset} named by the {@code native.encoding} system property.
     * If the {@code native.encoding} is not a valid charset name or not supported
     * the {@link Charset#defaultCharset()} is used.
     *
     * <p>The error reader should be {@linkplain BufferedReader#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or the {@linkplain #getErrorStream error stream}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The error reader consumes and buffers bytes from the error stream.
     * Bytes read from the error stream would not be seen by the reader and the
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * @return a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} using the
     *          {@code native.encoding} if supported, otherwise, the
     *          {@link Charset#defaultCharset()}
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedReader errorReader() {
        return errorReader(CharsetHolder.nativeCharset());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader} connected to the
     * standard error of this process using a Charset.
     * The {@code BufferedReader} can be used to read characters, lines,
     * or stream lines of the standard error.
     *
     * <p>Characters are read by an InputStreamReader that reads and decodes bytes
     * from this process {@link #getErrorStream()}. Bytes are decoded to characters
     * using the {@code charset}; malformed-input and unmappable-character
     * sequences are replaced with the charset's default replacement.
     * The {@code BufferedReader} reads and buffers characters from the InputStreamReader.
     *
     * <p>The first call to this method creates the {@link BufferedReader BufferedReader},
     * if called again with the same {@code charset} the same {@code BufferedReader} is returned.
     * It is an error to call this method again with a different {@code charset}.
     *
     * <p>If the standard error of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectError(Redirect) ProcessBuilder.redirectError} or
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectErrorStream(boolean) ProcessBuilder.redirectErrorStream}
     * then the {@code InputStreamReader} will be reading from a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-output">null input stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>The error reader should be {@linkplain BufferedReader#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Use either this method or the {@linkplain #getErrorStream error stream}
     * but not both on the same {@code Process}.
     * The error reader consumes and buffers bytes from the error stream.
     * Bytes read from the error stream would not be seen by the reader and the
     * buffer contents are unpredictable.
     *
     * <p>When the process has terminated, and the standard error has not been redirected,
     * reading of the bytes available from the underlying stream is on a best effort basis and
     * may be unpredictable.
     *
     * @param charset the {@code Charset} used to decode bytes to characters
     * @return a {@code BufferedReader} for the standard error of the process using the {@code charset}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code charset} is {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called more than once with different charset arguments
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedReader errorReader(Charset charset) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(charset, "charset");
        synchronized (this) {
            if (errorReader == null) {
                errorCharset = charset;
                errorReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(getErrorStream(), charset));
            } else {
                if (!errorCharset.equals(charset))
                    throw new IllegalStateException("BufferedReader was created with charset: " + errorCharset);
            }
            return errorReader;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code BufferedWriter} connected to the normal input of the process
     * using the native encoding.
     * Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters to provide
     * for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and strings.
     *
     * <p>This method delegates to {@link #outputWriter(Charset)} using the
     * {@link Charset} named by the {@code native.encoding} system property.
     * If the {@code native.encoding} is not a valid charset name or not supported
     * the {@link Charset#defaultCharset()} is used.
     *
     * <p>The output writer should be {@linkplain BufferedWriter#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @return a {@code BufferedWriter} to the standard input of the process using the charset
     *          for the {@code native.encoding} system property
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedWriter outputWriter() {
        return outputWriter(CharsetHolder.nativeCharset());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code BufferedWriter} connected to the normal input of the process
     * using a Charset.
     * Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters to provide
     * for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and strings.
     *
     * <p>Characters written by the writer are encoded to bytes using {@link OutputStreamWriter}
     * and the {@link Charset} are written to the standard input of the process represented
     * by this {@code Process}.
     * Malformed-input and unmappable-character sequences are replaced with the charset's
     * default replacement.
     *
     * <p>The first call to this method creates the {@link BufferedWriter BufferedWriter},
     * if called again with the same {@code charset} the same {@code BufferedWriter} is returned.
     * It is an error to call this method again with a different {@code charset}.
     *
     * <p>If the standard input of the process has been redirected using
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#redirectInput(Redirect)
     * ProcessBuilder.redirectInput} then the {@code OutputStreamWriter} writes to a
     * <a href="ProcessBuilder.html#redirect-input">null output stream</a>.
     *
     * <p>The output writer should be {@linkplain BufferedWriter#close closed}
     * when it is no longer needed.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * A {@linkplain BufferedWriter} writes characters, arrays of characters, and strings.
     * Wrapping the {@link BufferedWriter} with a {@link PrintWriter} provides
     * efficient buffering and formatting of primitives and objects as well as support
     * for auto-flush on line endings.
     * Call the {@link BufferedWriter#flush()} method to flush buffered output to the process.
     * <p>
     * When writing to both {@link #getOutputStream()} and either {@link #outputWriter()}
     * or {@link #outputWriter(Charset)}, {@linkplain BufferedWriter#flush BufferedWriter.flush}
     * should be called before writes to the {@code OutputStream}.
     *
     * @param charset the {@code Charset} to encode characters to bytes
     * @return a {@code BufferedWriter} to the standard input of the process using the {@code charset}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the {@code charset} is {@code null}
     * @throws IllegalStateException if called more than once with different charset arguments
     * @since 17
     */
    public final BufferedWriter outputWriter(Charset charset) {
        Objects.requireNonNull(charset, "charset");
        synchronized (this) {
            if (outputWriter == null) {
                outputCharset = charset;
                outputWriter = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(getOutputStream(), charset));
            } else {
                if (!outputCharset.equals(charset))
                    throw new IllegalStateException("BufferedWriter was created with charset: " + outputCharset);
            }
            return outputWriter;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the
     * process represented by this {@code Process} object has
     * terminated.  This method returns immediately if the process
     * has already terminated.  If the process has not yet
     * terminated, the calling thread will be blocked until the
     * process exits.
     *
     * @return the exit value of the process represented by this
     *         {@code Process} object.  By convention, the value
     *         {@code 0} indicates normal termination.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is
     *         {@linkplain Thread#interrupt() interrupted} by another
     *         thread while it is waiting, then the wait is ended and
     *         an {@link InterruptedException} is thrown.
     */
    public abstract int waitFor() throws InterruptedException;

    /**
     * Causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the
     * process represented by this {@code Process} object has
     * terminated, or the specified waiting time elapses.
     *
     * <p>If the process has already terminated then this method returns
     * immediately with the value {@code true}.  If the process has not
     * terminated and the timeout value is less than, or equal to, zero, then
     * this method returns immediately with the value {@code false}.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation of this method polls the {@code exitValue}
     * to check if the process has terminated.
     *
     * @implNote
     * Concrete implementations of this class are strongly encouraged to
     * override this method with a more efficient implementation.
     *
     * @param timeout the maximum time to wait
     * @param unit the time unit of the {@code timeout} argument
     * @return {@code true} if the process has exited and {@code false} if
     *         the waiting time elapsed before the process has exited.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     *         while waiting.
     * @throws NullPointerException if unit is null
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public boolean waitFor(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException
    {
        long remainingNanos = unit.toNanos(timeout); // throw NPE before other conditions
        if (hasExited())
            return true;
        if (timeout <= 0)
            return false;

        long deadline = System.nanoTime() + remainingNanos;
        do {
            Thread.sleep(Math.min(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.toMillis(remainingNanos) + 1, 100));
            if (hasExited())
                return true;
            remainingNanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
        } while (remainingNanos > 0);

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Causes the current thread to wait, if necessary, until the
     * process represented by this {@code Process} object has
     * terminated, or the specified waiting duration elapses.
     *
     * <p>If the process has already terminated then this method returns
     * immediately with the value {@code true}.  If the process has not
     * terminated and the duration is not positive, then
     * this method returns immediately with the value {@code false}.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation of this method polls the {@code exitValue}
     * to check if the process has terminated.
     *
     * @implNote
     * Concrete implementations of this class are strongly encouraged to
     * override this method with a more efficient implementation.
     *
     * @param duration the maximum duration to wait; if not positive,
     *                this method returns immediately.
     * @return {@code true} if the process has exited and {@code false} if
     *         the waiting duration elapsed before the process has exited.
     * @throws InterruptedException if the current thread is interrupted
     *         while waiting.
     * @throws NullPointerException if duration is null
     * @since 24
     */
    public boolean waitFor(Duration duration) throws InterruptedException {
        Objects.requireNonNull(duration, "duration");
        return waitFor(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(duration), TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the exit value for the process.
     *
     * @return the exit value of the process represented by this
     *         {@code Process} object.  By convention, the value
     *         {@code 0} indicates normal termination.
     * @throws IllegalThreadStateException if the process represented
     *         by this {@code Process} object has not yet terminated
     */
    public abstract int exitValue();

    /**
     * Kills the process.
     * Whether the process represented by this {@code Process} object is
     * {@linkplain #supportsNormalTermination normally terminated} or not is
     * implementation dependent.
     * Forcible process destruction is defined as the immediate termination of a
     * process, whereas normal termination allows the process to shut down cleanly.
     * If the process is not alive, no action is taken.
     * <p>
     * The {@link java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture} from {@link #onExit} is
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#complete completed}
     * when the process has terminated.
     */
    public abstract void destroy();

    /**
     * Kills the process forcibly. The process represented by this
     * {@code Process} object is forcibly terminated.
     * Forcible process destruction is defined as the immediate termination of a
     * process, whereas normal termination allows the process to shut down cleanly.
     * If the process is not alive, no action is taken.
     * <p>
     * The {@link java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture} from {@link #onExit} is
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#complete completed}
     * when the process has terminated.
     * <p>
     * Invoking this method on {@code Process} objects returned by
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} and {@link Runtime#exec} forcibly terminate
     * the process.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The default implementation of this method invokes {@link #destroy}
     * and so may not forcibly terminate the process.
     * @implNote
     * Concrete implementations of this class are strongly encouraged to override
     * this method with a compliant implementation.
     * @apiNote
     * The process may not terminate immediately.
     * i.e. {@code isAlive()} may return true for a brief period
     * after {@code destroyForcibly()} is called. This method
     * may be chained to {@code waitFor()} if needed.
     *
     * @return the {@code Process} object representing the
     *         process forcibly destroyed
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public Process destroyForcibly() {
        destroy();
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns {@code true} if the implementation of {@link #destroy} is to
     * normally terminate the process,
     * Returns {@code false} if the implementation of {@code destroy}
     * forcibly and immediately terminates the process.
     * <p>
     * Invoking this method on {@code Process} objects returned by
     * {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} and {@link Runtime#exec} return
     * {@code true} or {@code false} depending on the platform implementation.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation throws an instance of
     * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException} and performs no other action.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the implementation of {@link #destroy} is to
     *         normally terminate the process;
     *         otherwise, {@link #destroy} forcibly terminates the process
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public boolean supportsNormalTermination() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(this.getClass()
                + ".supportsNormalTermination() not supported" );
    }

    /**
     * Tests whether the process represented by this {@code Process} is
     * alive.
     *
     * @return {@code true} if the process represented by this
     *         {@code Process} object has not yet terminated.
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public boolean isAlive() {
        return !hasExited();
    }

    /**
     * This is called from the default implementation of
     * {@code waitFor(long, TimeUnit)} and {@code waitFor(Duration)},
     * which are specified to poll {@code exitValue()}.
     */
    private boolean hasExited() {
        try {
            exitValue();
            return true;
        } catch (IllegalThreadStateException e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the native process ID of the process.
     * The native process ID is an identification number that the operating
     * system assigns to the process.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * The implementation of this method returns the process id as:
     * {@link #toHandle toHandle().pid()}.
     *
     * @return the native process id of the process
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public long pid() {
        return toHandle().pid();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a {@code CompletableFuture<Process>} for the termination of the Process.
     * The {@link java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture} provides the ability
     * to trigger dependent functions or actions that may be run synchronously
     * or asynchronously upon process termination.
     * When the process has terminated the CompletableFuture is
     * {@link java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#complete completed} regardless
     * of the exit status of the process.
     * <p>
     * Calling {@code onExit().get()} waits for the process to terminate and returns
     * the Process. The future can be used to check if the process is
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#isDone done} or to
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#get() wait} for it to terminate.
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#cancel(boolean) Cancelling}
     * the CompletableFuture does not affect the Process.
     * <p>
     * Processes returned from {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} override the
     * default implementation to provide an efficient mechanism to wait
     * for process exit.
     *
     * @apiNote
     * Using {@link #onExit() onExit} is an alternative to
     * {@link #waitFor() waitFor} that enables both additional concurrency
     * and convenient access to the result of the Process.
     * Lambda expressions can be used to evaluate the result of the Process
     * execution.
     * If there is other processing to be done before the value is used
     * then {@linkplain #onExit onExit} is a convenient mechanism to
     * free the current thread and block only if and when the value is needed.
     * <br>
     * For example, launching a process to compare two files and get a boolean if they are identical:
     * {@snippet lang = "java" :
     *     Process p = new ProcessBuilder("cmp", "f1", "f2").start();
     *     Future<Boolean> identical = p.onExit().thenApply(p1 -> p1.exitValue() == 0);
     *     ...
     *     if (identical.get()) { ... }
     * }
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation executes {@link #waitFor()} in a separate thread
     * repeatedly until it returns successfully. If the execution of
     * {@code waitFor} is interrupted, the thread's interrupt status is preserved.
     * <p>
     * When {@link #waitFor()} returns successfully the CompletableFuture is
     * {@linkplain java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture#complete completed} regardless
     * of the exit status of the process.
     *
     * This implementation may consume a lot of memory for thread stacks if a
     * large number of processes are waited for concurrently.
     * <p>
     * External implementations should override this method and provide
     * a more efficient implementation. For example, to delegate to the underlying
     * process, it can do the following:
     * {@snippet lang = "java" :
     *    public CompletableFuture<Process> onExit() {
     *       return delegate.onExit().thenApply(p -> this);
     *    }
     * }
     * @apiNote
     * The process may be observed to have terminated with {@link #isAlive}
     * before the ComputableFuture is completed and dependent actions are invoked.
     *
     * @return a new {@code CompletableFuture<Process>} for the Process
     *
     * @since 9
     */
    public CompletableFuture<Process> onExit() {
        return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(this::waitForInternal);
    }

    /**
     * Wait for the process to exit by calling {@code waitFor}.
     * If the thread is interrupted, remember the interrupted state to
     * be restored before returning. Use ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker
     * so that the number of workers in case ForkJoinPool is used is
     * compensated when the thread blocks in waitFor().
     *
     * @return the Process
     */
    private Process waitForInternal() {
        boolean interrupted = false;
        while (true) {
            try {
                ForkJoinPool.managedBlock(new ForkJoinPool.ManagedBlocker() {
                    @Override
                    public boolean block() throws InterruptedException {
                        waitFor();
                        return true;
                    }

                    @Override
                    public boolean isReleasable() {
                        return !isAlive();
                    }
                });
                break;
            } catch (InterruptedException x) {
                interrupted = true;
            }
        }
        if (interrupted) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
        }
        return this;
    }

    /**
     * Returns a ProcessHandle for the Process.
     *
     * {@code Process} objects returned by {@link ProcessBuilder#start()} and
     * {@link Runtime#exec} implement {@code toHandle} as the equivalent of
     * {@link ProcessHandle#of(long) ProcessHandle.of(pid)}.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation throws an instance of
     * {@link java.lang.UnsupportedOperationException} and performs no other action.
     * Subclasses should override this method to provide a ProcessHandle for the
     * process.  The methods {@link #pid}, {@link #info}, {@link #children},
     * and {@link #descendants}, unless overridden, operate on the ProcessHandle.
     *
     * @return Returns a ProcessHandle for the Process
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public ProcessHandle toHandle() {
        throw new UnsupportedOperationException(this.getClass()
                + ".toHandle() not supported");
    }

    /**
     * Returns a snapshot of information about the process.
     *
     * <p> A {@link ProcessHandle.Info} instance has accessor methods
     * that return information about the process if it is available.
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation returns information about the process as:
     * {@link #toHandle toHandle().info()}.
     *
     * @return a snapshot of information about the process, always non-null
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public ProcessHandle.Info info() {
        return toHandle().info();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a snapshot of the direct children of the process.
     * The parent of a direct child process is the process.
     * Typically, a process that is {@linkplain #isAlive not alive} has no children.
     * <p>
     * <em>Note that processes are created and terminate asynchronously.
     * There is no guarantee that a process is {@linkplain #isAlive alive}.
     * </em>
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation returns the direct children as:
     * {@link #toHandle toHandle().children()}.
     *
     * @return a sequential Stream of ProcessHandles for processes that are
     *         direct children of the process
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public Stream<ProcessHandle> children() {
        return toHandle().children();
    }

    /**
     * Returns a snapshot of the descendants of the process.
     * The descendants of a process are the children of the process
     * plus the descendants of those children, recursively.
     * Typically, a process that is {@linkplain #isAlive not alive} has no children.
     * <p>
     * <em>Note that processes are created and terminate asynchronously.
     * There is no guarantee that a process is {@linkplain #isAlive alive}.
     * </em>
     *
     * @implSpec
     * This implementation returns all children as:
     * {@link #toHandle toHandle().descendants()}.
     *
     * @return a sequential Stream of ProcessHandles for processes that
     *         are descendants of the process
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the Process implementation
     *         does not support this operation
     * @since 9
     */
    public Stream<ProcessHandle> descendants() {
        return toHandle().descendants();
    }

    /**
     * An input stream for a subprocess pipe that skips by reading bytes
     * instead of seeking, the underlying pipe does not support seek.
     */
    static class PipeInputStream extends FileInputStream {
        private final JDKFdResource resource;

        PipeInputStream(FileDescriptor fd) {
            super(fd);
            resource = new PipeResource(this, fd);
        }

        @Override
        public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
            long remaining = n;
            int nr;

            if (n <= 0) {
                return 0;
            }

            int size = (int)Math.min(2048, remaining);
            byte[] skipBuffer = new byte[size];
            while (remaining > 0) {
                nr = read(skipBuffer, 0, (int)Math.min(size, remaining));
                if (nr < 0) {
                    break;
                }
                remaining -= nr;
            }

            return n - remaining;
        }

        @Override
        public int read() throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                return super.read();
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public int read(byte[] b) throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                return super.read(b);
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                return super.read(b, off, len);
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * An output stream for a subprocess pipe.
     */
    static class PipeOutputStream extends FileOutputStream {
        PipeOutputStream(FileDescriptor fd) {
            super(fd);
        }

        @Override
        public void write(int b) throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                super.write(b);
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void write(byte[] b) throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                super.write(b);
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }

        @Override
        public void write(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
            boolean attempted = Blocker.begin();
            try {
                super.write(b, off, len);
            } finally {
                Blocker.end(attempted);
            }
        }
    }

    static class PipeResource extends JDKFdResource {
        private final Closeable owner;
        private final FileDescriptor fd;

        PipeResource(Closeable owner, FileDescriptor fd) {
            this.owner = owner;
            this.fd = fd;
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("fallthrough")
        @Override
        public void beforeCheckpoint(Context<? extends Resource> context) throws Exception {
            OpenResourcePolicies.Policy policy = OpenResourcePolicies.find(false, OpenResourcePolicies.PIPE, null);
            String action = policy != null ? policy.action.toLowerCase() : "error";
            Supplier<Exception> exceptionSupplier = switch (action) {
                case "error":
                    yield  () -> new CheckpointOpenResourceException(owner.toString(), getStackTraceHolder());
                case "close":
                    owner.close();
                    // intentional fallthrough
                case "ignore":
                    warnOpenResource(policy, owner.toString());
                    yield NO_EXCEPTION;
                default:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Unknown policy action " + action + " for " + owner, null);
            };
            // FileInputStream does not claim when path is null
            Core.getClaimedFDs().claimFd(fd, this, exceptionSupplier, fd);
        }
    }

    /**
     * A nested class to delay looking up the Charset for the native encoding.
     */
    private static class CharsetHolder {
        private static final Charset nativeCharset;
        static {
            Charset cs;
            try {
                cs = Charset.forName(StaticProperty.nativeEncoding());
            } catch (UnsupportedCharsetException uce) {
                cs = Charset.defaultCharset();
            }
            nativeCharset = cs;
        }

        /**
         * Charset for the native encoding or {@link Charset#defaultCharset().
         */
        static Charset nativeCharset() {
            return nativeCharset;
        }
    }
}
